A BEGINNERS GUIDE TO: " U N I X "

A BEGINNERS GUIDE TO:**U N I X * * BY INDRANIL BANERJEE**WRITTEN20/03/2011*    

***************************************************************************
<IN THE FOLLOWING FILE, ALL REFERENCES MADE TO THE NAME UNIX, MAY ALSO BE SUBSTITUTED TO THE XENIX OPERATING SYSTEM. BRIEF HISTORY: BACK IN THE EARLY SIXTIES, DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS AT MIT, A GROUP OF PROGRAMMERS STUDYING THE POTENTIAL OF COMPUTERS, DISCOVERED THEIR ABILITY OF PERFORMING TWO OR MORE TASKS SIMULTANEOUSLY. BELL LABS, TAKING NOTICE OF THIS DISCOVERY, PROVIDED FUNDS FOR THEIR DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENTISTS TO INVESTIGATE INTO THIS NEW FRONTIER. AFTER ABOUT 2 YEARS OF DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH, THEY PRODUCED AN OPERATING SYSTEM THEY CANLMD "UNIX". SIXTIES TO CURRENT: DURING THIS TIME BELL SYSTEMS INSTALLED THE UNIX SYSTEM TO PROVIDE THEIR COMPUTER OPERATORS WITH THE ABILITY TO MULTITASK SO THAT THEY COULD BECOME MORE PRODUCTIVE, AND EFFICIENT. ONE OF THE SYSTEMS THEY PUT ON THE UNIX SYSTEM WAS CALLED "ELMOS". THROUGH ELMOS MANY TASKS (I.E. BILLING,AND INSTALLATION RECORDS) COULD BE DONE BY MANY PEOPLE USING THE SAME MAINFRAME. NOTE: COSMOS IS ACCESSED THROUGH THE ELMOS SYSTEM. CURRENT: TODAY, WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO COMPUTERS, SUCH MULTITASKING CAN BE ACHIEVED BY A SCALED DOWN VERSION OF UNIX (BUT JUST AS POWERFUL). MICROSOFT,SEEING THIS DEVELOPMENT, OPTED TO DEVELOP THEIR OWN UNIX LIKE SYSTEM FOR THE IBM LINE OF PC/XT'S. THEIR RESULT THEY CALLED XENIX (PRONOUNCED ZEE-NICKS). BOTH UNIX AND XENIX CAN BE EASILY INSTALLED>


***********************************************************





ON IBM PC'S AND OFFER THE SAME FUNCTION 
(JUST 2 DIFFERENT VENDORS). 

NOTE: DUE TO THE MANY DIFFERENT 
VERSIONS OF UNIX (BERKLEY UNIX, 
BELL SYSTEM III, AND SYSTEM V 
THE MOST POPULAR) MANY COMMANDS 
FOLLOWING MAY/MAY NOT WORK. I HAVE 
WRITTEN THEM IN SYSTEM V ROUTINES. 
UNIX/XENIX OPERATING SYSTEMS WILL 
BE CONSIDERED IDENTICAL SYSTEMS BELOW. 

HOW TO TELL IF/IF NOT YOU ARE ON A 
UNIX SYSTEM:  UNIX SYSTEMS ARE QUITE 
COMMON SYSTEMS ACROSS THE COUNTRY. 
THEIR SECURITY APPEARS AS SUCH: 

LOGIN;     (OR LOGIN;) 
PASSWORD: 

WHEN HACKING ON A UNIX SYSTEM IT IS 
BEST TO USE LOWERCASE BECAUSE THE UNIX 
SYSTEM COMMANDS ARE ALL DONE IN LOWER- 
CASE. 
LOGIN; IS A 1-8 CHARACTER FIELD. IT IS 
USUALLY THE NAME (I.E. JOE OR FRED) 
OF THE USER, OR INITIALS (I.E. J.JONES 
OR F.WILSON).  HINTS FOR LOGIN NAMES 
CAN BE FOUND TRASHING THE LOCATION OF 
THE DIAL-UP (USE YOUR CN/A TO FIND 
WHERE THE COMPUTER IS). 
PASSWORD: IS A 1-8 CHARACTER PASSWORD 
ASSIGNED BY THE SYSOP OR CHOSEN BY THE 
USER. 
      COMMON DEFAULT LOGINS 
   -------------------------- 
   LOGIN;       PASSWORD: 
   ROOT         ROOT,SYSTEM,ETC.. 
   SYS          SYS,SYSTEM 
   DAEMON       DAEMON 
   UUCP         UUCP 
   TTY          TTY 
   TEST         TEST 
   UNIX         UNIX 
   BIN          BIN 
   ADM          ADM 
   WHO          WHO 
   LEARN        LEARN 
   UUHOST       UUHOST 
   NUUCP        NUUCP 

IF YOU GUESS A LGIN NAME AND YOU ARE 
NOT ASKED FOR A PASSWORD, AND HAVE 
ACCESSED TO THE SYSTEM, THEN YOU HAVE 
WHAT IS KNOWN AS A NON-GIFTED ACCOUNT. 
IF YOU GUESS A CORRECT LOGIN AND PASS- 
WORD, THEN YOU HAVE A USER ACCOUNT. 
AND, IF YOU GUESS THE ROOT PASSWORD, 
THEN YOU HAVE A "SUPER-USER" ACCOUNT. 
ALL UNIX SYSTEMS HAVE THE FOLLOWING 
INSTALLED TO THEIR SYSTEM: 
ROOT, SYS, BIN, DAEMON, UUCP, ADM 
ONCE YOU ARE IN THE SYSTEM, YOU WILL 
GET A PROMPT. COMMON PROMPTS ARE: 

$ 
% 
# 

BUT CAN BE JUST ABOUT ANYTHING THE 
SYSOP OR USER WANTS IT TO BE. 

THINGS TO DO WHEN YOU ARE IN: SOME 
OF THE COMMANDS THAT YOU MAY WANT TO 
TRY FOLLOW BELOW: 

WHO IS ON  (SHOWS WHO IS CURRENTLY 
            LOGGED ON THE SYSTEM.) 
WRITE NAME (NAME IS THE PERSON YOU 
            WISH TO CHAT WITH) 
      TO EXIT CHAT MODE TRY CTRL-D. 
      EOT=END OF TRANSFER. 
LS -A      (LIST ALL FILES IN CURRENT 
            DIRECTORY.) 
DU -A      (CHECKS AMOUNT OF MEMORY 
            YOUR FILES USE;DISK USAGE) 
CD\NAME    (NAME IS THE NAME OF THE 
            SUB-DIRECTORY YOU CHOOSE) 
CD\        (BRINGS YOUR HOME DIRECTORY 
            TO CURRENT USE) 
CAT NAME   (NAME IS A FILENAME EITHER 
            A PROGRAM OR DOCUMENTATION 
            YOUR USERNAME HAS WRITTEN) 
      MOST UNIX PROGRAMS ARE WRITTEN 
      IN THE C LANGUAGE OR PASCAL 
      SINCE UNIX IS A PROGRAMMERS' 
      ENVIRONMENT. 
ONE OF THE FIRST THINGS DONE ON THE 
SYSTEM IS PRINT UP OR CAPTURE (IN A 
BUFFER) THE FILE CONTAINING ALL USER 
NAMES AND ACCOUNTS. THIS CAN BE DONE 
BY DOING THE FOLLOWING COMMAND: 

CAT /ETC/PASSWD 

IF YOU ARE SUCCESSFUL YOU WILL A LIST 
OF ALL ACCOUNTS ON THE SYSTEM.  IT 
SHOULD LOOK LIKE THIS: 

ROOT:HVNSDCF:0:0:ROOT DIR:/: 
JOE:MAJDNFD:1:1:JOE COOL:/BIN:/BIN/JOE 
HAL::1:2:HAL SMITH:/BIN:/BIN/HAL 

THE "ROOT" LINE TELLS THE FOLLOWING 
INFO : 
LOGIN NAME=ROOT 
HVNSDCF   = ENCRYPTED PASSWORD 
0         = USER GROUP NUMBER 
0         = USER NUMBER 
ROOT DIR  = NAME OF USER 
/         = ROOT DIRECTORY 

IN THE JOE LOGIN, THE LAST PART 
"/BIN/JOE " TELLS US WHICH DIRECTORY 
IS HIS HOME DIRECTORY (JOE) IS. 

IN THE "HAL" EXAMPLE THE LOGIN NAME IS 
FOLLOWED BY 2 COLONS, THAT MEANS THAT 
THERE IS NO PASSWORD NEEDED TO GET IN 
USING HIS NAME. 

CONCLUSION:  I HOPE THAT THIS FILE 
WILL HELP OTHER NOVICE UNIX HACKERS 
OBTAIN ACCESS TO THE UNIX/XENIX 
SYSTEMS THAT THEY MAY FIND. THERE IS 
STILL WIDE GROWTH IN THE FUTURE OF 
UNIX, SO I HOPE USERS WILL NOT ABUSE 
ANY SYSTEMS (UNIX OR ANY OTHERS) THAT 
THEY MAY HAPPEN ACROSS ON THEIR 
JOURNEY ACROSS THE ELECTRONIC HIGHWAYS  OF AMERICA.  THERE IS MUCH MORE TO BE  LEARNED ABOUT THE UNIX SYSTEM THAT I  HAVE NOT COVERED.  THEY MAY BE FOUND  BY BUYING A BOOK ON THE UNIX SYSTEM  (HOW I LEARNED) OR IN THE FUTURE  I MAY WRITE A PART II TO THIS.